偃伏声名三十年：30年前的两伊战争对中国武器发展有何启示

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今年是两伊战争结束30周年，9月22日伊朗就在境内多个城市举行盛大阅兵式进行纪念。不过在其西南部石油重镇阿瓦士举行的阅兵式上，却有4名来历不明的武装分子发动袭击，造成大批参加阅兵的伊朗第92装甲师士兵伤亡，而92装甲师正是1982年伊朗对伊拉克发动“斋月行动”的反攻主力之一。对于大多数的国人来说，两伊战争所造成的影响并没有海湾战争那样来得深刻，除了军迷所熟知的中国武器两边“通吃”史，就仅剩一些关于某“战略忽悠局长”的伊拉克地道段子了。但从客观角度来看，这场被誉为是“菜鸡互啄”的战争，实际上对中国的影响并没有我们所想得那么轻微。两伊战争中有哪些值得今天我们反思的经验教训，它又对中国军工造成了哪些影响。本期《出鞘》就带来谈两伊战争30周年。



两伊战争所造成的影响之所以没有那么深刻，与传媒关注的焦点长期局限于某位曾赴伊拉克担任翻译的“军事评论员”有着非常重要关联。在他的原话中，“我站在路边，这些武器的型号、性能居然一个也说不上来”、“我一个导弹兵出身的人，还是一句也说不上来”，甚至还有所有的地道都去过之类的言论。曾赴伊拉克担任公职的前“专业”人士都难以用严肃客观的态度来看待两伊战争，那就更别提普通民众了。当然，尽管这位人士在1980年就被召回国内学习，在两伊战争中武器换了一茬又一茬的情况下，估计就更难认清了。此外他还曾过度渲染过伊拉克军队的实力，但这个所谓的“世界第三军事强国”战果连掰手指头都能数出来。这种巨大反差也造成了我们对伊拉克、伊朗人战斗力贬低。本期出鞘主旨抛开伊拉克士兵的战斗意志，从双方战术、武器装备来看对我们有那些借鉴意义。



巴列维时代的伊朗装备了大量美英等西方国家的军事装备，是中东首屈一指的军事强国并有“中东宪兵”之美誉，兵力多达41万人。但随后70年代末的伊斯兰革命，却让伊朗军队的战斗力极大下滑，不但大量优秀的骨干军官被集体处决或者投入监狱，并由不识兵法的宗教人士所替代，庞大的兵员素质全部打破。而且总兵力也锐减至不足24万人，其中陆军被清洗的人数甚至多达15万人。此外由于和英美关系恶化，伊朗军队中的西方武器的零件供应也被切断。比如在两伊战争前，伊朗空军主力战斗机F-4的使用率下滑至40%。就连操作较简便的F-5轻型战斗机也不过60%，而最先进的F-14战斗机就只剩可怜的10%了。







伊斯兰革命后伊朗空军被清洗以及美国人质危机所导致的伊朗和美英关系破裂，无疑为萨达姆向伊朗发动战争提供了机会。但当时萨达姆的主要目的是抢占石油资源丰富的胡齐斯坦地区和控制波斯湾出口的阿布穆萨、大通布和小通布三岛，而并非是想同伊朗全面开战。因为一方面从地理形势来看，伊朗高原对身处两河流域的伊拉克来说，有着巨大的海拔“优势”，伊拉克军队侵入伊朗纵深地域，首先要对付的便是高大的扎格罗斯山脉，而这对伊拉克的后勤补给系统将造成巨大压力。而且干旱的伊朗内陆似乎对萨达姆来说，吸引力也没有那么大。另一方面从两伊的战争潜力来看，伊朗除了曾在二战前被英苏联合瓜分过以外，基本每次对伊拉克的战争均不落下风，甚至还曾将兵锋剑指地中海，从阿拉伯人手中拯救过以色列人。

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